1783-1820


 * Important Events**
 * Constitutional Convention, 1787-DL
 * The Constitutional Convention is a convention held in Philadelphia in 1787 to address the problems of the Articles of Confederation following the independence from Britain. The convention’s primary purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation, Hamilton and Madison had different intentions. They wanted to create a whole new governing system instead of fixing the current one. The delegates from each state elected George Washington to be in charge of the convention. The result was the US Constitution, making this one of the most important events in the United States history.
 * [[image:http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_cNfXHQHTJqs/TPw5PHYZyEI/AAAAAAAABkQ/6lcbFQdtnFM/s1600/constitutional-convention.jpg width="423" height="318"]]
 * Northwest Ordinance, 1787- KD
 * The Northwest Ordinance was passed by Congress in 1787 to define the steps for an admission of a state into the Union. It only applied to the lands north of the Ohio River, which was known as the Northwest Territory. Also, the existence of slavery in these territories was up to the people, which is also known as popular sovereignty. These territories were known to be "forbidden", but after Congress passed this law it was up for settlement and eventually became a part of the United States of America.
 * [[image:http://static.newworldencyclopedia.org/9/9e/Northwest-territory-usa-1787.png width="293" height="238"]]
 * French Revolution-1789-1799-KH
 * Financial Crisis enveloped France
 * The Enlightenment introduced new ideas of equality, citizenship, and natural rights.
 * Peasants, in the Tennis Court Oath, created the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.
 * Proclaimed a Republic and executed the King a year later.
 * Reign of Terror ensued with the execution of over 16000 people with the guillotine.
 * Enforced new ideas of nationalism, democracy, citizenship, and secularism.
 * Causes divisions in the United States that helped create political parties.
 * [[image:http://payingattentiontothesky.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/french-revolution.jpg]]
 * Whiskey Rebellion, 1794-DL
 * The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794 came to full force when a US marshal went to Pennsylvania to serve as writs to farmers who did not pay the excise tax on a grain sold in the form of whiskey. This tax was created by Alexander Hamilton’s program to pay off national debt. This tax made farmers mad and the forced marshals made the farmers even more furious. More than 500 rebels attacked the tax collector’s home of General Neville, therefore Washington sent in peace commissioners to negotiate with the rebels. The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrates the national government’s suppression of resistance to law. The rebellion also helped lead to political party formations. The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson’s party, the Republicans, came into power.
 * [[image:http://magnusmusic.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/historical-whiskey-rebellion-pic-1.jpg width="450" height="321"]]

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 * Washington's Farewell Address, 1796- CW
 * Washington's Farewell Address warned against three major things: political parties, sectionalism, and foreign alliances. Washington warned against political parties because he felt they unnecessarily divided the country. He wanted to create a unity among the people. That desire also explains his warning against sectionalism. He felt that sectionalism (favoring your state or region as opposed to the country as a whole) would also hurt any chance of union throughout the states. Washington also warned against foreign alliances because he felt any permanent alliances with other countries would just lead to domestic problems if we were forced to join a war because of an alliance.
 * Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, 1798-1799-MC
 * The Virginia and Kentucky resolutions were written by Thomas Jefferson is opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions declared that the Constitutions created a compact between the states and that the federal government had no powers to exercise powers not specifically delgeated to it under the compact. It stated that if the federal government should assume such powers, the acts were without authority and therefore void. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions were important because they were the first statements of the states' rights thoery and of nullification.
 * Election of 1800- CW
 * The election of 1800 involved Thomas Jefferson and John Adams. Some referred to it as the "Revolution of 1800" because power in congress and the presidency switched from Federalist (John Adams) to Democratic-Republican (Thomas Jefferson). Thomas Jefferson won with 61.4% of the votes, 73 electoral votes and 41,330 popular votes. A big political issue during this election was the Alien and Sedition Acts. Thomas Jefferson's plan to repeal these acts won many votes and beat federalist John Adams.
 * [[image:http://wwwc.mentalfloss.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/jefferson-vs-adams.jpg]]
 * Louisianna Purchase, 1803- KD
 * The Louisiana Purchase was the largest land acquisition in United States history. The Louisiana Purchase was more than 2 million sq. km of land extending from the Mississippi River all the way to the Rocky Mountains. Originally, the land belonged to France and Jefferson was only interested in purchasing New Orleans, for shipping and port purposes, but instead Napoleon and the French decided to offer the entire territory they maintained, which is also known as the Louisiana Purchase. France decided to sell the Louisiana Purchase for 15 million dollars, which isan incredible deal, and the Americans immediately decided to jump on it and purchase it. There were many advantages for purchasing the Louisiana Purchase like doubling the United States in size, western expansion, new natural resources, and many more. But Jefferson had his doubts because it didn't know if the purchase was considered constitutional or not. It strained Jefferson for a while because going with the purchase went against his beliefs, but not buying the purchase wouldn't be a good choice for the people of America. Eventually Jefferson gave in and agreed to buy the Louisiana Purchase. Events that led up to the Louisiana Purchase were the brewing war between France and England in Europe, secret treaty between France and Spain that gave Louisiana back to the French, and the distance between France and the Louisiana Purchase.
 * Marbury vs Madison, 1803-MC
 * Marbury vs. Madison is an important event in US history because it established the principle of judicial review, or the ability of the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional. William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace by President John Adams in the midnight appointments at the end of his presidency. However when Jefferson took office, he ordered his Secretary of State, James Maddison not to deliver the commossions. When Marbury didn't receive his commisions, he sued Madison. Cheif Justice John Marshall ruled that the Court could not grant Marbury a legal order stating why Madison did not have to pay him his commissions. Section 13 of the Judiciary Act, which granted him the right to obtain a legal order, was unconstitutional as it extended to cases of origional jurisdiction, or the power to bring cases directly to the Supreme Court.
 * War of 1812-1812-1815-KH
 * Causes of the War-impressments of sailors, arming Native Americans, Embargo act, and the attacks of the ship the Chesapeake
 * Introduced an Era of Good Feeling as well as a strong feeling of nationalism
 * Considered “second war of independence”. Showed true independence from Britain after being successful in a second war against them.
 * [[image:http://img.tfd.com/WEAL/weal_10_img1850.jpg]]
 * Important People**
 * George Washington-CW
 * George Washington began as a brave military general in the Revolution. His exemplary leadership skills during this time landed him as the first president of the United States with a unianimous vote. He set many precedents for the following presidents and gave many wise warnings in his farewell address that were followed for nearly one hundred years.
 * Alexander Hamilton-DL
 * Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of Treasury of the US appointed by Washington. Hamilton was Washington’s aide-de-camp and was a big part in helping Washington set up the first government. He set up the government’s financial system and with this, created the National Bank. This was a nationally chartered bank that issued notes to serve as money. Hamilton also was also an author of the Federalist Papers, a member of Continental Congress, Constitutional Congress in Philadelphia, and the Naval Act. He was representative of New York to go and sign the Constitution.
 * [[image:http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/burr/hamilton6.jpg width="268" height="335"]]
 * Thomas Jefferson-1743-1826-KH
 * Founding Father
 * First Secretary of State
 * Third President
 * Lead the Democratic-Republican Party
 * Wrote Declaration of Independence as well as the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
 * Purchased the Louisiana Territory
 * Was an important person in U.S history because of the large influence he had on the development of our new nation. Because of Jefferson we have the Declaration of Independence as well as the two party system and many ideas that still remain in our government today as important topics such as the debate over states rights.
 * Ben Franklin-CW
 * Benjamin Franklin was a man of many talents. Helping the developing country of the United States was only one of them. He came up with the Albany Plan of Union during the French and Indian War and it was his speech to England that led to the repeal of the Stamp Act. He became the United States spokesperson for European affairs. He was the ambassador to France and in 1787 he served as a delegate in the Philidelphia Convention. He is the only man with his signature on the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Alliance with France.
 * [[image:http://www.crystalinks.com/franklin2.jpg]]
 * James Madison – 1751-1836-KH
 * Father of the Constitution
 * Helped write the Federalist Papers
 * Father of the Bill of Rights
 * Helped organize the Democratic-Republic party
 * Helped write the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
 * Jefferson’s Secretary of State
 * 4th President of the United States
 * In office during the War of 1812
 * Madison became an important person in history by helping to create the two-party system as well as defeating the British in the “second war of independence” the war of 1812. Also helped to introduce a new feeling of Nationalism within the country due to us defeating Briatin.
 * James Monroe-DL
 * Alexander Hamilton was the first Secretary of Treasury of the US appointed by Washington. Hamilton was Washington’s aide-de-camp and was a big part in helping Washington set up the first government. He set up the government’s financial system and with this, created the National Bank. This was a nationally chartered bank that issued notes to serve as money. Hamilton also was also an author of the Federalist Papers, a member of Continental Congress, Constitutional Congress in Philadelphia, and the Naval Act. He was representative of New York to go and sign the Constitution.
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Jm5.gif/220px-Jm5.gif width="220" height="265"]]
 * Andrew Jackson- MC
 * Andrew Jackson became famous after his military triumph in 1815, when he ran the British out of New Orleans during the War of 1812. He was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1823 and then sent to Washington as a presidential candidate. In 1824, he lost the election to John Quincy Adams when the House of Representatives chose Adams over Jackson (no majority was won in the Electoral College). However, Jackson ran again in 1828 and won. He was re-elected in 1832, and following George Washington’s precedent, chose not to run for a third term.
 * John Marshall- MC
 * John Marshall was the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, appointed by John Adams in 1801. He presided over the Supreme Court for 34 years and during this time the federal powers of the judicial branch were substantially strengthened by his decisions. In one of his most influential cases, Marbury vs Madison, Marshall asserted the power of the Supreme Court to overturn laws considered unconstitutional. In McCulloch vs Maryland, Marshall gave Congress the power of implied powers of the Constitution. Marshalls rulings as Chief Justice greatly influenced the power of the Supreme Court and he is considered one of the most influential jurists in United States History.
 * Lewis and Clark
 * Lewis & Clark were ordered by Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase, which was the territory west of the Mississippi River. On their journey, they recorded new species of plants and animals and even established friendly relations with Indian tribes. They reached the Rocky Mountains, over the Continental Divide, and eventually made their way to the Pacific Ocean in 1805. Many historians believe these two were the greatest explorers in the world because of the fact that they risked their lives facing people they didn't know, wandering across a country they didn't even know, and facing some of the harshest conditions. Life for Lewis & Clark was hard, but they risked their lives, which changed the United States of America forever.
 * Dorthea Dix
 * Dorthea Dix was a passionate American activist who represented the the insane and the mentally ill. She changed the lives of many through her work, and she changed the way people viewed the mentally ill permanently. She created the first mental asylums in the United States and lobbied her state legislatures for reform and to educate people that the mentally ill needed a special kind of care. Before her reform, the mentally ill were being treated like animals, living in gruesome and disgusting conditions. After touring many asylums and gathering her research, she finally stood up and educated people on how they should be taken care of. She changed the lives of many then, and countless from then on.