1877-1918

John Rockefeller incorporated horizontal integration to form an oil monopoly. Andrew Carnegie incorporated vertical integration to form a steal monopoly.
 * Sherman Anti Trust Act-1890- DL**
 * This act prevented companies from forming monopolies and completely taking control of the business world. It stopped holding companies, trusts and trade. It was significant because it was the first effort by the national government to stop fraudulent business practices from occurring.
 * In the beginning the act wasn’t taken seriously by businesses, but by 1914 the act was enforced and companies were punished if found by the government to be treating employees improperly.
 * Examples of Monopolies:


 * Compormise of 1877- DL**
 * Congress formed the Electoral Commission to solve the disputed Democratic Electoral votes from the South. The compromise of 1877 had mainly four parts to it:
 * Removal of federal troops from the south.
 * engagement of at least one southern Democrat into Hayes's Administration.
 * Construction of a second transcontinental railroad in the South called the Texas and Pacific.
 * Legislation enacted to help industrialize the South.

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 * WW1-1914-1919 CW**
 * War between the worlds central powers, the Allies: Great Britain, France, Russia, and the US after entry in 1917 and the Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy
 * The U.S. entered the war in response to the Zimmerman Note and the sinking of the British passenger ship, the Lusitania


 * Interstate Commerce Act 1887- KH**
 * Massacre at Wounded Knee 1890- KH**
 * Plessy vs Ferguson 1896 -MC**


 * Court upheld 1890 ruling in Louisiana mandating racially segregated but "equal" railroad cars
 * Ruled that the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment protectedpolitical equality not social equality
 * Gave political standing to the idea of "separate but equal"
 * Validated segregation and brought up Jim Crowe laws

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 * Spanish American War 1898- MC**
 * America was still inspired by Manifest Destiny
 * America helped Cuba gain independence from Spain
 * The //Maine// sunk in the Havana Harbor
 * Spain was blamed on the sinking and public opinion forced McKinley to go to war with Spain
 * American declared war with Spain
 * provoked by word of Spanish brutality in Cuba
 * War effort supported by US expansionists
 * Peace was met when the two countries signed the Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898
 * Spain relinquished rule of Cuba
 * US got Phillipenes, Puerto Rico and Guam
 * Immigration Act of 1891- whoop whoop CW**
 * **Denied citizenship to immigrants whose ideals or class did not appear to match those of the United States**
 * **Polygamists, diseased, paupers, idiots, and crazies**
 * **Repealed the Immigration Act of 1882**
 * Dawes Severalty Act -1887 -KD**


 * The Dawes Severalty Act allowed the President to survey Indian tribal land's and cut an divide it for individual Indians.
 * The Dawes Act was adopted by Congress in 1887, amended in 1901, and amended again in 1906 by the Burke Act.
 * The Dawes Act had the purpose of pushing Native Americans into American society and trying to stimulate land ownership.
 * Overall, it had a negative effect of Indians because they gave up their land and the plan was very unsuccessful. Many critics of the Dawes Act believe that is was just a ploy to get more land.
 * The significance of the Dawes Act was that it was just another negative impact of the Native American culture, unity, and self government by the US government.


 * Great Railroad Strike of 1877- KD**


 * Also known as the Great Upheaval
 * The strike began in Martinsburg, West Virginia on July 14, 1977 in response to the cutting of wages by the Baltimore & Ohio Railroads.
 * The strike eventually spread across the country affecting areas in Maryland, Pennsylvania, Missouri, and Illinois. Violence did take a part in the rebellion, especially in Maryland and Pennsylvania.
 * The rebellion was ultimately caused by the workers wages being cut and government policy didn't help because of laissez-faire economics.
 * The rebellion eventually lost momentum because federal troops were sent in by President Hayes, and only 45 days after the rebellion initially began it came to a crashing end.
 * The significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the fact that this strike was the economy was briefly paralyzed and the fact that they had to get federal troops to stop the strike.
 * This strike ultimately set the stage for many more rebellions and strikes in the 1880's and 1890's. Also, it really is one of the last "bloody and violent" strikes because today we have a better protection of laborers and more peaceful strikes.

Stud. Oh what?
 * Teddy Roosevelt- KH**
 * William Howard Taft- DL**
 * He was the 27th president of the US
 * He created the Payne- Aldrich Tariff Act of 1890
 * He ratified the sixteenth amendment in 1913 which levied the income tax instead of aborting it.
 * Developed the nation’s “Dollar Diplomacy” which furthered economic development in Latin America
 * Andrew Carnegie- CW**
 * **Led the enormous expansion in the** **American steel industry**
 * **Often regarded as the second richest man in American history behind John D. Rockefeller**
 * **Sold Carnegie Steel Company to J.P. Morgan for $480 million in 1901**
 * John D Rockafeller- KD**


 * **John D. Rockefeller was an American oil industrialist, philanthropist, and investor.**
 * **He was the founder of the American Oil Company and was the first US business trust.**
 * **During his time, he was considered among one of the most powerful and richest men on the planet.**
 * **John D. Rockefeller is significant because he revolutionized not only the oil industry, but overall industry in the United States. He is also important because he used a large portion of his enormous wealth for philanthropic purposes.**
 * Cornelius vanderbuilt-DL**
 * Cornelius was a railroad entrepreneur who earned a fortune over $100,000,000.
 * In the last years of his life, Vanderbilt ordered the construction of the Grand Central Terminal that was located in New York city and provided much needed jobs for unemployed Americans.
 * This helped with the Panic of 1873
 * He gave 1,000,000 to Central University in Nashville Tennessee for philanthropic studies.
 * [[image:http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg/192px-Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Daguerrotype2.jpg width="192" height="256" align="center"]]
 * JP Morgan- KD**


 * J.P. Morgan was an American financier, collector, and banker who controlled American finance during his time
 * J.P. Morgan and his partners had many financial investments in huge corporations and his critics claimed "he controlled the nation's finance."
 * He was leading financier during the Progressive Era
 * He arranged the merge and creation of General Electric and helped financed the creation of the Carnegie Steel Company.
 * He was significant because he was a vital figure in economics during the Progressive Era because he brought together the United States and Europe economically and made many other enormous contributions to American economics.
 * Grover cleveland- KH**
 * Jane addams-MC**
 * Founded Hull House Settlement in Chicago
 * Upton Sinclair-CW**
 * Upton Sinclair-CW**
 * **Wrote "The Jungle" exposing the attrocities of the meat packing industry**
 * **Fueled the progressive era to come**
 * **Long term effects include stricter regulation of food industries enacted by the government**
 * Eugene V Debbs-MC **


 * Founded American Railway Union to represent all workers
 * Leader of the Pullman Strike in which workers that built Pullman cars went on strike due to wage cuts Socialist party

Sources: Plessy vs Ferguson picture: []

Spanish American war picture:[]